Power Tools 1993 November - Disc 2/Power Tools Plus (Disc 2 of 2)(November 1993)(HP).iso/hotlines/slidehl/network/script.txt

Text File | 1992-02-03 | 32KB | 741 lines

      Cooperative Computing Through Open Systems
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      The objective of networking is to provide a mechanism for access
      and manipulation of information. This information is typically
      dispersed across multiple locations, in multiple hosts, made by a
      variety of computer vendors.

      Information, for design, purchasing, manufacturing, sales and
      accounting purposes, needs to be accessed by end users, as well as
      by interdependent applications.  Resources, such as computing power
      and printing facilities must be shareable, scalable, and widely
      accessible.

      A truly open and cooperative computing system provides transparent
      access to this information. In addition, seamless integration of
      resources enable end users and applications to share the available
      resources.
.PA


      Benefits Of Cooperative Computing Through Open Systems
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      Numerous benefits are provided by cooperative computing through
      open systems, technical as well as financial.

      A major benefit is flexibility, the capability to optimize
      the use of available resources. Shared resources that are
      transparently accessible reduce the overall cost of a system by
      limiting the use of duplicated, and often idle, resources.

      The basic technology enabling this flexibility is a client/server
      architecture.  Shared resources are located in servers, dedicated
      resources act as clients of the servers.  The network provides the
      infrastructure supporting the architecture.

      Interoperability between clients and servers is guaranteed by
      adherence to standards.  Common networking protocols enable
      transparent communications.

      Moves, adds, and changes to the system are handled by scalable
      resources.  Moving an application to a larger or smaller system,
      from a different vendor, implies easy portability of software.  This
      is enabled by the use of standardized application programming
      interfaces (APIs).  APIs provide software developers with common
      environments for application integration, allowing applications to
      be moved from one system to another with minimum effort.

      Shared information and resources are beneficial to a business only
      if reliably available. A networked system needs careful management
      to enhance productivity.  Centralized and distributed management
      capabilities are part of any open cooperative computing system. An
      integrated management system provides geographical, resource, and
      applications management, maximizing network uptime.
.PA


      Network Investment Protection
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      S03.GAL
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      While cooperative computing undoubtedly offers great benefits over
      existing environments, there still is a large number of existing
      systems installed. These existing systems need to become integrated
      with the future networked systems necessary for open, cooperative
      computing.

      Hewlett-Packard is committed to protecting the investments
      previously made, so that today's environment will still be viable
      tomorrow.

      At the same time, major efforts are under way to rapidly deploy new
      technologies, allowing the realization of a truly open, cooperative
      computing environment to occur sooner.

.PA

      Cooperative Computing Environments
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      SO4.GAL
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      There are four key areas of functionality within an open,
      cooperative computing environment. Two areas deal with the access
      to information, and are primarily supporting transaction oriented,
      administrative applications. Two areas deal with decision support
      applications for so called "knowledge worker" environments.

      Basic connectivity provides terminals and desktop computers with
      access to local and remote hosts.  Terminal emulation protocols
      combined with hubs and DTCs provide the basic building blocks of
      the networked environment.

      Enhanced connectivity enable access to multiple sources of
      distributed data. In a global access environemnt LANs are
      geographically extended, multiplying the accessible data and
      resources.  Clients are no longer limited by physical distances to
      the servers.  A global access infrastructure is developed,
      supported by network and systems management.

      Network operating systems integrate desktop computers into a local
      area network, making the desktops clients of the server hosts.
      Shared resources, such as printers and other peripherals, combine
      with standard user interfaces and network operating systems to form
      the resource sharing environment.

      Cooperating applications require integration of servers.  Clients
      are applications, as well as end users.  An interdependent whole is
      developed, allowing processes to communicate by sharing
      information, automatically conduct transactions, thus increasing
      the power of the networked system. Cooperating applications enable
      significant increases in productivity, driving the overall cost of
      ownership down.
.PA

      Host Access
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      In this phase, access to the processing power of local and remote
      hosts is the key.  Terminals are attached to local servers through
      data terminal controllers, remote hosts are linked via modems.
      Desktop computers, such as PCs and workstations access hosts
      through terminal emulation.

      Peripheral resources are centralized, and attached to hosts only.
      Access is allowed on a time sharing basis, controlled by the host.

      Local processing power exists at the desktop level, but no sharing
      of data occurs.
.PA

      Host Access Environment
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      S06.GAL
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      To the end user, application access is possible, but cumbersome. It
      is necessary to know the location of data and applications, as well
      as the means of accessing it. Elaborate log-on procedures
      predominate, and productivity is highly dependent on the management
      of the centralized resources.

      A typical application example would be an electronic mail system,
      such as HP DeskManager. The application resides on a local or
      remote host, but is accessible from terminals and desktops alike.
.PA

      Global Access
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      Building upon the previous stage, the extended LAN enables multiple
      local environments to be integrated as a single whole.  Data that
      was previously stored, and forwarded at a later more convenient
      time, can now be interactively manipulated without geographical
      constraints.

      The total power of the networked systems is greatly enhanced as
      more resources become available to the end users, and their
      applications.  Moves, additions, and changes to the networked system
      necessitate a scalability of computing platforms.  This in turn
      requires easy portability of applications.  The networked system
      also needs to be carefully managed, to avoid bottlenecks and
      unnecessary downtime.

      The key enablers are now put in place: the communications
      infrastructure consisting of bridges, routers, modems, and the
      associated remote access points.  Standardized application
      programming interfaces ensures easy portability of applications to
      alternative systems.  A geographical and resource view of the
      network is necessary to correctly balance the utilization of
      resources in a dynamic environment.

      Incremental developments during this phase emphasize additions of
      bandwidth, increased network throughput, and additional
      applications.

.PA

      Global Access Environment
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      Seen from the end-user perspective, a few things have changed from
      the previous stage. Interactive access to external data is now
      possible.  Domestic sales numbers can be accessed simultaneously
      with international data.  Online network management capabilities
      provide possibilities to route network traffic in an controlled and
      efficient manner.

      A multitude of applications can be accessed and increased volumes
      of data can be manipulated.  Geography is no longer a restriction.
.PA

      Resource Sharing
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      Physically, resources in a LAN environment are distributed over a
      limited geographical area. A workgroup with individual PCs can
      share output through nearby printers and plotters, commonly
      accessible.  Mini or mainframe servers provide centralized storage
      of large volume data, as well as complex application programs
      requiring external communications facilities.  The network topology
      determines the use of enablers such as media, access methods, and
      physical network components.  Transparent access is facilitated by
      the introduction of common user interfaces.
.PA


      Resource Sharing Environment
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      The common user interface will typically provide the capability of
      displaying multiple applications simultaneously. A server may
      provide access to an electronic mail application, storing and
      forwarding messages that are displayed in one window on the PC
      screen.  Another window displays a spreadsheet application,
      downloaded from a server seen as a networked drive. A third window
      displays locally available data, such as sales statistics, or
      production numbers stored on a local disk drive.

      In a simple computing environment, these applications may handle
      manual transfer of data, from local storage to spreadsheet
      application, and further on to the mail system.  In a more
      developed environment, user agents may handle such a task on a
      predetermined basis, requiring minimal end-user interaction.
.PA


      Cooperating Applications
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      The functionality previously put in place, during stages one and
      two, remain in place.  Stage three enhances the capabilities of the
      networked system through optimizing interdependence.

      The final stage achieves the integration of servers. Data is
      distributed across multiple servers, applications involve multiple
      stage transactions and are likewise distributed across servers.  To
      route transactions and data, application logic is distributed in a
      similar manner.

      A truly open, cooperative computing environment has been achieved.
.PA


      Cooperating Applications Environment
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      S12.GAL
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      To the end user, data and applications are now completely
      transparently accessible. There is no need to know where data is
      stored, how it is stored, or how to access the data. Even
      manipulation of data is highly automated, especially in the case of
      routine tasks.

      The windowing environment remains.  User agents handle most of the
      application work. Distributed databases are seamlessly integrated
      through equally distributed directory services.  Remote procedure
      calls, transaction processing monitors, and protocols handle the
      application logic, independent of specific end-user commands.
.PA


      Network Architecture
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      The enabling technology behind an open, cooperative computing
      environment is best described as a modular architecture. Six
      building blocks make up this model.

      At the base, the communications infrastructure block defines the
      available media, access methods, data link protocols, and the
      corresponding routing algorithms.

      Above the infrastructure, transport mechanisms handle tasks such as
      end-to-end reliability, session establishment and termination,
      syntax encoding, and the basics of applications integration.

      The services block defines what functionality the network can
      provide the applications; virtual terminal services, messaging, and
      file services provide base level capabilities.  Directory services
      and interprocess communications protocols handle the more advanced
      capabilities.

      The management block interacts with the previous three blocks, to
      provide fault detection, isolation, and correction, as well as
      operations support mechanisms.

      Surrounding these four blocks, and shielding the applications from
      the underlying functionality, is the application programming
      interface block.  The common APIs enable standardized access to
      each high-level service, as well as each underlying level of a
      layered protocol architecture.

      Finally, the applications block reside on top of the previously
      mentioned components, portable from one platform environment to
      another, thanks to the common APIs.
.PA


      Communications Infrastructure
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      The basic components of a communications infrastructure need to
      handle several tasks: local area networking requirements, wide area
      network requirements, multiple speeds, access methods, and media. At
      a minimum, LANs need to be able to support IEEE 802.3
      non-deterministic access, and WANs need to support CCITT X.25 packet
      switching and T1 leased line access.

      In addition, most environments require high-speed networking, such
      as fiber optic FDDI rings, and the associated links to LANs through
      T3 leased lines.

      Furthermore, connectivity to mainframe environments commonly
      require SDLC support, as well as access to mainframe/PC
      environments based on Token Ring principles.

      ISDN, now prevalent in Europe and gaining in the U.S., will enable
      applications such as integrated voice, fax, and electronic mail.  An
      example of this is HP's Applied Computerized Telephony solution
      which, today, provides for integration of voice and data.
.PA

      Transport Mechanisms
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      Two types of standard networking transport protocols exist; de jure
      standards are based on adherence to internationally agreed upon
      committee developments, de facto standards are based upon
      individual developments submitted to the public domain, or on
      market presence by dominant vendors.

      Dividing the current offering of de jure and de facto standards
      into three application areas we arrive at the following picture;

      PC networks use de facto standards, for lack of equivalent de jure
      standards. De facto standards are typically SPX/IP, for Novell
      NetWare systems, XNS exists primarily in engineering applications
      environments, and TCP/IP primarily exists in mixed PC and LAN
      environments.

      LANs typically use TCP/IP, or to some extent XNS as the dominant
      multivendor de facto standards.  For IBM environments, SNA is
      obviously dominant.  The de jure protocols are all based on Open
      Systems Interconnection (OSI), as a rapidly emerging consensus
      solution to network transport mechanisms.

      In the wide area environment, TCP/IP and SNA make up the bulk of
      de facto standards, again with an emerging presence of de jure
      standards based on OSI.

.PA

      Network Services
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      Network Services can be defined along similar lines, de jure and
      de facto. An additional dimension will classify their complexity.
      Starting with the basic services, virtual terminal capabilities can
      be implemented in several ways, based on the choice of underlying
      transport mechanisms.

      If TCP/IP is used, Telnet is the service of choice. If OSI is used,
      VTP is the corresponding service. For IBM environments, a 3270
      emulator will provide the virtual terminal services.

      Messaging and file services are divided along the same lines, as
      are the more advanced services to the far right: directory services
      and interprocess communications.

      The picture details HP's current and near-term future
      implementations of network services.
.PA

      OpenView Network Management
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      OpenView is HP's strategy and solutions for distributed system and
      network management. Managed objects, such as clients, servers,
      instruments, peripherals, and network components feed events and
      statistics through five functional areas of management.  The
      distributed management systems handles performance faults,
      configuration, software distribution, accounting, and billing
      issues. Various software modules, such as HP's GlancePlus,
      OpenSpool, and NetLS, as well as ISV developed software for
      configuration, accounting, and billing using HP's OpenView Network
      Management tools issue commands and instructions back to the
      managed objects of the networked system.
.PA


      Application Programming Interfaces
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      APIs are standardized ways of accessing a service. Using an API,
      the application integrator does not need to know the intrinsics of
      a service.  The API provides a set of common macro commands that an
      application can use when accessing the service.  The API will
      translate the given command into a language acceptable to the
      service.

      By adhering to common standards, such as those agreed upon by the
      members and followers of the X/Open organization's portability
      guides (XPGs), applications may achieve a high degree of
      portability.  In other words, applications can be developed on
      small, dedicated development engines, and later ported onto
      production systems from various vendors and in various scales.
.PA


      Network Directions
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      The Hewlett-Packard networking strategy for the future is based on
      six pillars, adding to the capabilities of the current base of
      technologies;

      o Enhanced Communication Services provide integrated networking
      services in key areas of functionality.

      o Distributed Management Services handle events and statistical
      information from managed objects in a networked system.

      o Application Programming Interfaces shield service intrinsics from
      end users and ensure portability of applications.

      o High-Speed Access technologies enhance the functionality of the
      communications infrastructure components.

      o Software Development Tools aid developers of integrated networked
      applications.

      o Network Security protects networked systems from unauthorized
      manipulation, and enhances reliability of the network itself.
.PA


      Enhanced Communication Services
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      The strategic direction for enhanced communication services can be
      found in three areas; messaging, transaction processing, and the
      Distributed Computing Environment.

      Messaging services are provided by the X.400 store-and-forward
      protocol. Enhanced addressing functionality is provided by the
      X.500 distributed directory services protocol. On top of the X.400
      standard, two information structures are added: Electronic Data
      Interchange (EDI), based on the de jure EDIFACT definitions and
      Office Document Architecture and Interchange Format (ODA/ODIF).

      EDI is the standardized method of computer-to-computer exchange of
      business documents like purchase orders and invoices.  EDI replaces
      paper transactions and considerably shortens the ordering, billing,
      and payment cycles in a variety of corporate environments.

      ODA provides standardized compound document transfer, such as
      integrated text and graphics, and at a later stage, images.

      Transaction processing services is the underlying networking
      technology for a wide range of service industries.  Standardized
      transaction processing is intended for use with applications such
      as automatic teller machines, airline reservations systems, hotel
      reservations, and car rentals, to name just a few examples. The key
      protocol is the ISO OSI TP, supplemented by remote database access
      (RDA), remote procedure calls (RPC), and synchronization services
      such as concurrent commit and recovery (CCR).

      The local area network environment will be enhanced by the
      implementation of the distributed computing environment (DCE),
      where file services, directory services, and security enablers are
      the key components. Engineering environments in particular will
      benefit from the integrated technologies of DCE.
.PA

      Distributed Management Services
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      Management can be structured into three levels, depending on the
      view of the network. In its simplest form, management consists only
      of interconnection management, providing a geographical view of the
      network. The second step adds the possibility of managing resources
      on the network. At the top, an applications view adds management of
      the interaction between applications across the network.

      For example, starting from the bottom; a networked printer fails to
      print a bill of material, due to a failure in the modem connection.
      Interconnect management detects the fault and sets off an alarm.
      Information about the fault is passed on to the systems management
      level.  Here the fault is isolated, the output is spooled, for
      example, re-routed to a nearby printer.

      The applications management meanwhile informs the manufacturing
      application of the delay in data delivery.  Production is slowed
      down in anticipation of new data, thus avoiding inventory build-up
      at an intermediary processing stage.

      Each management level in this model builds on the previous, until
      applications finally interact to achieve the desired fault
      correction, and restore normality to the network.
.PA

      Application Programming Interfaces
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      Application programming interfaces shield the application
      integrator from the intrinsics of the underlying software.  APIs
      also allow easier portability of application software, if
      standardized APIs are used.

      Starting in 1989, HP introduced service specific APIs, based on
      agreements among vendors and users. For example, X.400 services
      could be accessed through the vendor defined API-A.

      In 1991, APIs were made available that could access not only
      services, but also intermediate layers of the network protocol
      stack. These APIs were typically part of the X/OPEN organization's
      portability guides (XPGs). Still, each API, whether designed for
      service access or intermediate layer access, was uniquely designed
      for a particular service or protocol.

      The next step is to introduce a unified access environment,
      permitting access to any service or intermediate layer, but without
      having to specify which. The unified API will direct the command to
      the corresponding service or layer.

      A first step in this direction is marked by the X/AP, an X/OPEN
      defined API that covers multiple layers of an OSI protocol stack.
.PA

      High-Speed Networking
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      Networking technologies can be defined by the possible throughput
      of data and by the latency of data. Throughput is typically
      measured in MByte/s; latency, the time between request and reply,
      is measured in ms.

      Current networking technology provides wide area networking
      capabilities with sufficient throughput for store-and-forward
      operations. Approximately one tenth of an MByte/s can be
      transmitted, and the latency can be more than 1 second.

      Existing local area networks provide better throughput, and better
      latency. Throughout can be up to one Mbyte/s and the latency down
      to 1 ms, adequate for most types of file transfer operations.

      For the future, this networking environment must be enhanced.  WANs
      need to handle throughput speeds up to 100 MBytes/s, with a latency
      of less than a second. LANs need approximately the same throughput
      speeds, but with a latency coming down towards 0.1 ms.

      These numbers will allow efficient communications, such as data
      base access over wide area networks, supporting the transaction
      processing environments of the future.  Or, imaging and animation
      taking place over high-speed local area networks.
.PA

      Software Development Tools
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      Applications integration in an open, cooperative computing
      environment can be a major undertaking. One way of reducing the
      amount of work necessary, as well as allowing code to become
      re-usable, is to provide a truly open development environment.  HP
      provides a STREAMS environment for its distributed networking
      software. STREAMS makes the networking software completely modular,
      and opens up the kernel software for application developers.

      Thus, high-performance applications can be linked directly to
      kernel software, and the re-usable code can drastically increase
      programmer productivity.

      HP also provides a wide range of software development tools,
      originally used in internal developments, now productized and made
      available to application developers.  These tools include
      functionality such as tracing and logging, auditing, performance
      monitoring, and version checking.

      In addition, a set of computer based training modules exist.  These
      are provided for self-paced studying, allowing knowledge of new
      protocols and new concepts to become rapidly disseminated
      throughout an organization.  Some examples of this kind of tool
      include the HP OTS/9000 CBT and the Introduction to X.500 directory
      services CBT.
.PA

      Security Services
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      Today, security is primarily a concern of the operating system.
      Guidelines for operating system security is defined in the so
      called "Orange Book."  Details of this type of security includes,
      passwords, dial-back requests, and similar functions.  A hierarchy
      of security mechanisms are defined in three stages, C-, B-, and A-
      level security, with A being the most secure.  Military
      requirements aside, C- and B-level security are usually deemed
      adequate.

      Network security is similarly defined by the so called "Red Book".
      The same level definitions apply, although network security include
      additional functionality such as traffic confidentiality, selective
      routing of messages and the like.

      In evolutionary terms, current HP networking provide C2-level
      security, analogous with the C2 security level offered by the HP-UX
      operating system.  As of 1992 HP will be offering enhanced security
      measures as defined by the B1-level specifications.  Additional
      security, as defined by the Kerberos specifications will be offered
      beginning in 1993.

      The final step will bring HP networking fully in line with the Open
      Systems Foundation (OSF) proposals for C2/B1 security on the OSF/1
      compliant systems of the future.
.PA

      Support Services
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      HP has consistently been ranked #1 in support by Datapro surveys.
      In 1991, HP won a special merit award for service and support for
      midrange computers. Currently HP support services handle a
      multitude of tasks, grouped into five broad categories:
      planning and design of networked systems--pre-installation,
      preparations, multivendor support of networked systems, on-going
      maintenance,  network operations support.
.PA

      Summary
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      Cooperative Computing Through Open System is a wide ranging
      concept. Some key components particularly are worth remembering,
      however.

      HP has several families of computers. These families provide a
      range of scalable hardware platforms, from simple stand-alone
      systems to mainframe-class multiprocessing systems.  Open,
      cooperative computing technologies are in many instances common
      across the range of these platforms.

      Network flexibility, in terms of moves, adds, and changes, is
      provided by adherence to a consistent client/server architecture.

      Multivendor interoperability is ensured through the use of standard
      protocols, de facto as well as de jure.

      Applications developed in this environment are easily portable from
      one hardware platform to another, through the use of common,
      standard application programming interfaces.

      MIS productivity is enhanced by the integration of network and
      systems management components, such as performance, fault,
      configuration, software distribution, accounting, and billing
      services, all under the HP OpenView umbrella.

      In addition, HP provides a wide range of leading-edge support and
      development tools, and has consistently been ranked #1 for its
      worldwide support organization.
.PA